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<p>First let’s go through some basic concepts.</p>
<p>You have probably heard about the terms information, misinformation, and disinformation.</p>
<p>But do you know the differences between them?</p>
<p>Watch the following video:<br /><br /></p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">What is fake news?</h3>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: How fake news spread</h3>
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<p>Write a short text (1-2 paragraphs) in your learning journal explaining what circular reporting is, what are its main characteristics and how how is it connected to the spread of fake news.</p>
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<p>For more in-depth definitions of the terms, you can optionally read the following sources:</p>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li>Søe, S.O. A unified account of information, misinformation, and disinformation. Synthese 198, 5929–5949 (2021). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-019-02444-x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-019-02444-x</a></li>
<li><a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/information-semantic/" target="_blank">https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/information-semantic/</a></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>In journalism studies you can also find these definitions of the terms:</p>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li>Misinformation: Spreading false information (rumors, insults, and pranks).</li>
<li>Disinformation: The creation and distribution of intentionally false information, usually for political ends (scams, hoaxes, forgeries).</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>Source: <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/in-focus/managing-misinformation/" target="_blank">https://www.harvard.edu/in-focus/managing-misinformation/</a></p>
<p>Knowing these terms and how to differentiate when you are being confronted with one or the other can equip you with important tools to analyze all the media competing for your attention.</p>
<p></p>
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